12^th Annual Conference on Nephrology & Urology July 06-07, 2017 Seri Pacific Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Urologic oncology is the surgical treatment of malignant genitourinary diseases such as cancer of the prostate, bladder, kidneys, ureters, testicles and penis, skin and subcutaneous tissue and muscle of fascia of those areas which are dermatologically affected. The treatment of genitourinary cancer is given by either by a urologist or oncologist, based on the Surgical or Medical Treatment. In Most of the Countries urologic oncologist use Laproscopy & Endourology to manage urologic cancers amenable to surgical management.

Deals with the nervous system control of the genitourinary system. Neurological diseases and disorders such as a stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury can infect the lower urinary tract and cause some conditions such as urinary incontinence,  over activity, urinary retention, and dyssynergia. Urodynamic studies play an important diagnostic role in neurourology. Therapy for the nervous system disorders includes clean intermittent self-catheterization of the bladder, anticholinergic drugs, injection of Botulinum toxin into the bladder wall and commonly used therapies such as sacral neuromodulation. Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are stated by many researchers to play an important role in disorders of painful or frequent urination

Pediatric urology is a surgical Method of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. Pediatric urologists provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination, reproductive organs& Female urology is a branch of urology dealing with overactive bladder, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary incontinence. Many of these physicians also practice neurourology and reconstructive urology as mentioned above. Female urologists complete a 1–2-year fellowship after completion of a 5–6-year urology residency. More  knowledge of the female pelvic together with intimate understanding of the physiology and pathology  are necessary to diagnose and treat these disorders. Depending on the cause of the individual problem, a medical or surgical treatment can be the solution. Their field of practice heavily overlaps with that of urogynecologists, physicians in a sub-discipline of gynaecology.

Reconstructive urology surgery can help patients with conditions such as birth defects, cancer, neurological disorders, male and female incontinence, strictures, scar tissue in the urinary tract organs, and pelvic floor prolapse.

Reconstructive urology can also help repair traumatic injuries to the kidney, ureter, bladder, and genitals. Traumatic injuries are often associated with pelvic fractures that can happen as a result of things like motor vehicle accidents or falls, and can often lead to scar tissue formation in the urethra.

Andrology is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men. It is also known as "the science of men’ It is the counterpart to gynaecology, which deals with medical issues which are specific to the female reproductive system. However, unlike gynaecology, which has a plethora of medical board certification programs worldwide, andrology has none.

The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and excess water.The kidneys maintain the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base regulation that are altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins. Nephrology (from Greek νεφρÏŒς nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its diseases. The diseases that come under the scope of nephrology include:-

Glomerular disorders that affect the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys called the glomerulus, Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts, crystals etc.Tubulointerstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys, Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the kidneys, Renal failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic, Kidney and bladder stones, Kidney infections, Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys, Acid base imbalances, Nephrotic syndrome and nephritis, Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys, Dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis, Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc. Polycystic kidneys diseases where large cysts or fluid filled sacs are formed within the kidney impairing its functions - this is a congenital and inherited or genetic condition

Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by doing the jobs listed. If kidney disease gets worse, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make you feel sick. You may develop complications like high blood pressure, anemia (low blood count), weak bones, poor nutritional health and nerve damage. Also, kidney disease increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long period of time. Chronic Kidney Disease kidney disease may be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure and other disorders. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.

The two main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure, which are responsible for up to two-thirds of the cases. Diabetes happens when your blood sugar is too high, causing damage to many organs in your body, including the kidneys and heart, as well as blood vessels, nerves and eyes. High blood pressure, or hypertension, occurs when the pressure of your blood against the walls of your blood vessels increases. If uncontrolled, or poorly controlled, high blood pressure can be a leading cause of heart attacks, strokes and chronic kidney disease. Also, chronic kidney disease can cause high blood pressure. 26 million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased risk.

Patients with all types of kidney disease and hypertension. This includes kidney stones, chronic or acute kidney diseases due to any cause, resistant or secondary hypertension, unexplained proteinuria or hematuria, cystic kidney diseases, inherited kidney diseases, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis abnormalities, pregnancy-related kidney disorders, vascular kidney diseases, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and others.High blood pressure (also called hypertension) occurs when the force of your blood against your artery walls increases enough to cause damage. For people who have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, blood pressure of 130/80 or more is considered high. Have a family history of high blood pressure. your chances of developing high blood pressure may be increased if you: Have chronic kidney disease (CKD), Are overweight. Are African American. Use a lot of table salt, eat a lot of packaged or fast foods,Use birth control pills, Have diabetes,Use illegal drugs, Drink large amounts of alcohol (beer, wine, or liquor). Some types of kidney disease may cause high blood pressure. More often it is high blood pressure that causes kidney disease. High blood pressure can speed up the loss of kidney function in people with kidney disease. Your doctor or nurse practitioner can tell how much kidney damage you’ve had by measuring the amount of protein in your urine and estimating your total kidney function from a simple blood test. If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease your target blood pressure is 130/80 or even lower. If your blood pressure is not at target, you may be asked to make the following lifestyle changes: Lose excess weight, Exercise more, Cut down on salt, Cut back on alcohol, Stop smoking.

Nephrotic syndrome is kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Nephrotic-range proteinuria is 3 grams per day or more. On a single spot urine collection, it is 2 g of protein per gram of urine creatinine. There are many specific causes of nephrotic syndrome. These include kidney diseases such as minimal-change nephropathy, focal glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy. Nephrotic syndrome can also result from systemic diseases that affect other organs in addition to the kidneys, such as diabetes, amyloidosis, and lupus erythematosus. Nephrotic syndrome may affect adults and children, of both sexes and of any race. It may occur in typical form, or in association with nephritic syndrome. The latter connotesglomerular inflammation, with hematuria and impaired kidney function. Nephrotic syndrome can be primary, being a disease specific to the kidneys, or it can be secondary, being a renal manifestation of a systemic general illness. In all cases, injury to glomeruli is an essential feature.

Diabetic Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is typically defined by macro albuminuria—that is, a urinary albumin excretion of more than 300 mg in a 24-hour collection—or macro albuminuria and abnormal renal function as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated creatinine clearance, or glomerular filteration filtration rate (GFR). Clinically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progressive increase in proteinuria and decline in GFR, hypertension, and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by the following: Proteinuria was first recognized in diabetes mellitus in the late 18th century.

Renal cystic disease comprises a wide range of disease entities. They can be classified as either (1) hereditary or acquired or (2) systemic or renal confined diseases that have the common feature of multiple renal cysts. Each disease entity differs in its presentation, prognosis, and management. Renal cysts are smooth-walled, fluid-filled circular structures formed by focal outpouching of renal tubules.However, tremendous strides have been made in recent years. For autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseases (ADPKD and ARPKD), a picture is starting to emerge. Defects in the primary ciliary sensing mechanisms, intracellular calcium regulation, and cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation all seem to play a role in the altered cellular phenotype and functions.

Depending on the underlying cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Often, though, chronic kidney disease has no cure. In general, treatment consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you may need treatment for end-stage kidney disease. There are four types of medicine that can help people with CKD: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin II receptor blockers/antagonists (ARBs),Beta-blockers, Statins. ACEIs, ARBs, and beta blockers-blockers are all types of medicine used to lower blood pressure, but they work in different ways. ACEIs and ARBs may slow kidney damage even in people who do not have high blood pressure. Statins are a type of medicine used to lower cholesterol. Although medicine cannot reverse chronic kidney disease, it is often used to help treat symptoms and complications and to slow further kidney damage. Most people who have chronic kidney disease have problems with high blood pressure at some time during their disease. Medicines that lower blood pressure help to keep it in a target range and stop any more kidney damage. Common blood pressure medicines include: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Beta-blockers, Calcium channel blockers.

Following a healthy lifestyle is good for people with kidney disease, especially if you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or both. Talk with your dietitian, diabetes educator, or other health care professional about which actions are most important for you to take. As you will see, many of these actions are related. Keep your blood pressure at the target set by your health care provider. For most people, the blood pressure target is less than 140/90 mm Hg. Aim for less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium each day. If you have diabetes, control your blood glucose level. Good blood glucose control may help prevent or delay diabetes complications, including kidney disease. Keep your blood cholesterol in your target range. Diet, being active, maintaining a healthy weight, and medicines can all help control your blood cholesterol level. Take medicines the way your provider tells you to. What you eat and drink may help slow down kidney disease. Some foods may be better for your kidneys than others. Most of the salt and sodium additives people eat come from prepared foods, not from the salt shaker. Cooking your food from scratch gives you control over what you eat. Your provider may suggest you see a dietitian. A dietitian can teach you how to choose foods that are easier on your kidneys about sodium, protein, phosphorus, potassium, and how to read food labels. The steps below will help you eat right as you manage your kidney disease.

Dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. Our kidneys do this naturally. Some people, however, may have failed or damaged kidneys which cannot carry out the function properly - they may need dialysis. In other words, dialysis is the artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy replacement therapy).