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Nephrology is a branch of medical science that deals with function and diseases of the kidneys. The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies. The kidney has a fibrous capsule, which is surrounded by pararenal fat. The kidney itself can be divided into renal parenchyma, consisting of renal cortex and medulla, and the renal sinus containing renal pelvis, calyces, renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and perirenal fat. The renal parenchyma has two layers: cortex and medulla. The renal cortex lies peripherally under the capsule while the renal medulla consists of 10-14 renal pyramids, which are separated from each other by an extension of renal cortex called renal columns. The kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance; and stimulation of red blood cell production. They also serve to regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, controlling reabsorption of water and maintaining intravascular volume.
Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor renal transplants depending on the source of the donor organ. Are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.
Renal nutrition is concerned with the special nutritional needs of kidney patients. Renal nutrition is concerned with ensuring that kidney patients eat the right foods to make dialysis efficient and improve health. Dialysis clinics have dieticians on staff that who help patients plan meals. Standard guidelines are: eating more high protein foods, and less high salt, high potassium, and high phosphorus foods. Patients are also advised on safe fluid intake levels. The purpose of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is to maintain good nutritional status, slow progression, and to treat complications.
Human beings have two kidneys and are composed of nephrons, which filter the blood. Most of the diseases related to kidney affect these nephrons; kidneys filter extra water and wastes out of your blood and make urine. Kidney disease means kidneys are damaged and can’t filter blood. And can cause various problems. Kidney diseases may occur due to various problems including diabetes, high blood pressure. Other kidney problems include acute kidney injury, kidney cysts, kidney stones, and kidney infections.
Kidney and bladder stones are solid build-ups of crystals made from minerals and proteins found in urine. Certain bladder conditions and urinary tract infections can have increase the chance of developing stones. Sometimes bladder large ones stones may not cause problems. But if a stone irritates the bladder wall or blocks the flow of urine, signs and symptoms may include such as Lower abdominal pain during urination Frequent urination Difficulty urinating or interrupted urine flow Blood in the urine Cloudy or abnormally dark-colored urine.
Pediatric Nephrology related to acute and chronic diseases that affect urinary tract like renal function, blood pressure, inherited kidney diseases, and fluid and electrolyte disorders in children. Urinary infections and abnormalities in the urine such as blood and protein in childhood glomerulonephritis.
Our kidneys help builds up the right balance of salts and minerals in our blood. They additionally filter through toxins and produce important hormones. Moreover, bone marrow stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells can also participate in the repair process by proliferation Nephrons are the key working segments of the kidney. which can be sudden and short lived (acute kidney Disease), or Slow and dynamic (Chronic kidney disease). Researchers are examining how stem cells may help kidneys to repair harmed nephrons and re-establish kidney function. Scientists are contemplating how the kidney can recover itself and what sorts of kidney cells are associated with this procedure. It is yet not clear which sort of cells is engaged with kidney recovery.
Heart failure, affects the kidney through the backward and the forward failure effects. Systemic Venous congestion. This results in an increase in the capillary pressure, transudation into interstitial spaces with decrease in effective circulating volume. This will be aggravated by the presence of forward failure and decrease in perfusion of the vital organs including the kidney. The result is oliguria; and in severe cases it may lead to prerenal failure. The heart pumps blood filled with oxygen through all parts of your body, including the kidneys. The kidneys clean the blood, removing waste products and extra water. Without the heart kidneys would not have the oxygen filled blood needed. Increase in right atrial pressure and systemic congestion will increase secretion of ANP.
Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor or living-donor transplantation organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ.
End-stage renal disease end-stage renal disease, signs and symptoms are Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of appetite, Fatigue and weakness, Sleep, problems, Changes in how much you urinate, twitches and cramps. Also termed as chronic kidney diseases (CKD) comprise conditions that damage kidneys and impair their ability to keep you hygienic by abnormal function. On condition kidney disease gets worse; wastes can accumulate to high levels in your blood and make you feel ill. One may develop issues like anemia, high blood pressure, weak bones, nerve damage and poor nutritional health. Also, kidney disease elevates your risk of having coronary disease and heart problems. These problems may occur slowly for a long period of time. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease.
Diagnostic imaging is a strategy and procedure of making the visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and demonstrative intervention. Diagnostic looks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to analyze and treat ailment. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging. Radiation treatment might be conveyed remotely or inside. Interior radiation, or brachytherapy, is the implantation of a little measure of radioactive material (seeds) in or close to the kidney disease. Angiography is the test of choice for the renal hypertension or high blood pressure caused by narrowing of the renal arteries that carry blood to the kidneys. Initial evaluation could be done by the use of ultrasound. MRI involves a large and powerful magnet in kidney diseases. Hydrogen ions in the body are used to obtain pictures of the body parts. But in regard to the kidney, an MRI gives the same information as a CT scan.