Nephrology & Therapeutics

A Pediatric nephrologist offers the specialized knowledge and experience to treat your child's urinary tract disease, bladder issues, kidney stones, or excessive blood pressure. Pediatric Nephrology deals with issues specific to children. Children are seen by Pediatric nephrologists from infancy through late childhood, and in certain facilities, up to young adulthood.

Pediatric nephrologists provide the following:

The diabetic patient's kidneys are impacted by Diabetic Nephrology. Globally, it is a substantial contributor to end-stage renal failure and chronic kidney disease. They were distinguished by the presence of pathological urine albumin excretion amounts, diabetic glomerular lesions, and diabetics' decrease in glomerular filtration rate. Type 1 autoimmune diabetes is distinguished from type 2 relative insulin insufficiency and resistance as well as other types of pancreatic illness by absolute insulin shortage and cell death. It involves elevated blood pressure or blood sugar.

Kidney disease attacks nephrons. It is also known as Renal disease.  Damage to the kidney may be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, and various other chronic conditions. Kidney disease can cause malnutrition, weak bones, damaged nerves, and other health issues. The kidneys may entirely stop functioning if the illness worsens over time. Some Risk factors of kidney disease are chronic disease, inflammatory disease blockage of the urinary collecting system, rare genetic disorders, and chronic infections. Age, gender, ethnicity, or family history are included:

A living relative or a brain dead person's kidneys are surgically removed and transplanted into the kidney failure sufferer. It is the bodily processes that a healthy kidney does. Better health, a higher standard of living, and No restrictions on diet or hydration consumption, no requirement for frequent dialysis treatments

Kidney stones are tiny, hard deposits of acid and mineral on the inner surface of the kidney. They are also referred to as renal calculus or nephrolith. If the stones become large enough, they may clog the ureter. Smaller stones in particular may not show any symptoms. Lower abdominal pain could be brought on by bladder stones. Size and shape of kidney stones might vary. Because ureters are small and delicate, it's possible that the stones are too large to even consider travelling naturally from the ureter to the bladder.

Acute renal disease is defined as kidney damage or failure that occurs within a short period of time, such as a few hours or days. AKI makes it difficult for your kidneys to maintain the proper balance of fluid in your body and leads to a build-up of waste products in your blood.

Differentiate between pre, intra, and post renal failure in acute kidney disease

It describes into dialysis modes:

A renal cortical tumour is a growth that develops when kidney malignancies alter and grow out of control. A tumour may be benign, slow-growing, or malignant. About 85% of diagnoses of adult kidney cancer are of the renal cell carcinoma variety. The proximal renal tubules, which are part of the kidney's filtration system, are where this type of cancer arises. Each kidney contains thousands of these small filtering units. Later in this guide, the various strategies for treating renal cell carcinoma are covered.

Certain types of renal cancers are:

Chronic Kidney Disease is a condition characterised by a gradual loss of renal parenchyma and an irreversible decline in renal function. Long-term renal illness is the problem. It is extremely common, permanent, progressing, and linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Patients with this condition are frequently asymptomatic and only occasionally exhibit the consequences that are typical of renal failure. Both conservative and replacement therapies are options for treatment.

Causes of chronic kidney disease:

Glomerulonephritis can manifest on its own or in conjunction with a more severe condition like lupus or diabetes. Glomerulonephritis is a kind of kidney illness in which the kidney's glomeruli, which aid in the removal of waste and fluids from the circulation, are destroyed. Immune system dysfunction may contribute to glomerulonephritis. This disorder frequently has an unidentified exact aetiology. Blood and protein are lost in the urine as a result of glomeruli damage. There are some individuals with chronic glomerulonephritis who have never had kidney disease.

Two types of glomerulonephritis                 

Diseases that affect the glomeruli cause protein and occasionally red blood cells to leak into the urine. Sometimes a glomerular illness also impairs the kidney's ability to remove waste materials, causing them to accumulate in the blood. Additionally, a drop in the quantity of blood proteins like albumin in the bloodstream might result from their loss in the urine. Normal blood's albumin functions like a sponge, absorbing extra fluid from the body and storing it there until the kidneys eliminate it.

Treatment Nephrology treatments include prescription drugs, blood products, blood exchange, surgical interventions (urology, vascular, or surgical operations), renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplants), and surgical interventions. Hemodialysis, which is carried out at a dialysis facility, is the most widely used treatment for kidney disease and renal failure. Immunotherapy is a brilliant and versatile combination of cutting edge western medical advancements and traditional home-developed drugs, and it represents a significant advancement in the treatment of end-organ kidney disease.

A relatively prevalent form of infection in the urinary system is Urinary Traction Infection (UTI). Your urethra or bladder may get infected with this sort of illness. Bacteria are frequently absent from urine (germs). A by-product of our kidneys' filtering function is urine. Urine is produced when waste materials and extra water are eliminated from your circulation by the kidneys. Urine typically passes through your urinary system uncontaminated. However, germs from the outside of the body can enter the urinary system and cause issues including infection and inflammation.

Cause of Urinary tract infection

Dialysis is a technique used to address fluid and electrolyte imbalances. It is the transfer of fluid and molecules from one compartment to another through a semipermeable membrane. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two different forms of dialysis. Several of the kidneys' conventional activities may be replaced by a chemical analysis method. An artificial urinary organ is used to remove waste, additional chemicals, and fluid from your blood.

Bread, cereals, pasta, and rice are the initial sources of calories. Carbohydrates and fats are the major sources of energy; macronutrient consumption is restricted and occasionally comes from milk and meat. The food may also be nutritionally deficient, in which case vitamins and electrolytes will be added. Diet and nutrition are essential components in managing nephropathy effectively. Patients who have nephropathy should be more involved in their diet, follow particular dietary programs, and act on the nutrition that is consumed by the individual. Reduced sodium or salt intake is one of the main factors that slow the progression of chronic kidney illnesses, and doing so will greatly improve blood pressure and diabetes control.

Clinical applications for biomarkers include monitoring illness activity, diagnosing it, managing molecularly targeted therapies, and monitoring therapy response. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) continues to be the ideal indicator of renal health. Kidney damage atoms and lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase are thought to be useful biomarkers in plasma and urine to assess the severity and prognosis of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Making visual representations of the inside of a body for clinical inspection and specific treatment is known as diagnostic imaging. Medical imaging is not considered to be a key component of pathology. Visit the Pediatric Abdominal Ultrasound website for information on ultrasound procedures done on kids. A urine protein test will check your body for blood and protein.

Clinical medicine focuses on the investigation of normal urinary organ function, issues with urinary organ function, and the treatment of abnormal urinary organ dysfunction. The transplantation of urinary organs as well as urinary organ transplant techniques is covered. Blood solution imbalances brought on by urinary organ problems cause substantial symptoms including extra fluid in the tissues, cognitive decline, and irregular heartbeat.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is dangerous because it raises the risk of kidney damage, heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure. Treatment for hypertension is to reduce elevated blood pressure while still safeguarding important organs including the kidneys, heart, and brain.

•                      Chronic kidney disease: Treatment depends on whether there is diabetes or not and on the albumin creatinine ratio (ACR)

•                      Atrial fibrillation: if rate control is needed, add a beta-blocker or a rate-limiting CCB such as diltiazem. If on amlodipine, change to a rate-limiting CCB such as diltiazem.

Hematuria is the medical term for the presence of blood or red blood cells in urine. Hematuria can be brought on by urinary tract infections, kidney or bladder malignancy, prostate or kidney inflammation, or polycystic kidney disease. Hematuria comes in two varieties: microscopic and extensive hematuria. Visible hematuria, also known as gross hematuria, is when the urine looks red or the color of tea or cola to the unaided eye.